Hi MR,
The binary data you retrieved (00650053... which translates to "Sense") confirms the service is failing at the initial handshake, likely before it can even write a proper text-based error log. Given that you found the ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES permission missing on the WindowsApps directory, it is highly probable that the KB5073379 update has triggered a broader Access Control List (ACL) regression across your system directories. The "Sense" service runs under a virtual service account (NT SERVICE\Sense), and if the update stripped the Access Control Entries (ACEs) for this account from its own binaries or data folders, the service will terminate exactly as you described.
First, we must manually restore the permissions for the Sense service account, as restoring ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES does not automatically cover specific service principals. Open an elevated Command Prompt and run the following command to explicitly grant the service account access to its executable path: icacls "C:\Program Files\Windows Defender Advanced Threat Protection" /grant "NT SERVICE\Sense":(RX) /T. Next, grant the service full control over its data directory, which is the most common point of failure during startup: icacls "C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows Defender Advanced Threat Protection" /grant "NT SERVICE\Sense":(OI)(CI)F /T. Once applied, attempt to start the service via sc start Sense.
If the service immediately terminates again, check the Code Integrity logs at Applications and Services Logs > Microsoft > Windows > CodeIntegrity > Operational. If you see Event ID 3033 or similar blocking MsSense.exe, the update has corrupted the catalog signature for the Defender binaries. In this scenario, or if the ACL fix does not stabilize the service, the integrity of the OS servicing stack is compromised. Since this is a production Server environment, the only reliable path to restore security posture without a full reinstall is to remove the problematic update. Execute wusa /uninstall /kb:5073379 /quiet /norestart in your elevated terminal. This will revert the binary mismatch and restore the previous ACL definition state.
Hope you'll successfully solve the issue after this :)
VP